Zhou, P., Chen, L., Wu, Z., Wang, E., Yan, Y., Guan, X., Zhai, S., & Yang, K. (2023). The barriers and facilitators for the implementation of clinical practice guidelines in healthcare: An umbrella review of qualitative and quantitative literature. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 162, 169–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2023.08.017 (Paper)

This review by Zhou and colleagues synthesizes a large body of evidence on barriers and facilitators to clinical practice guideline implementation and maps them to the Theoretical Domains Framework and Behavior Change Wheel, offering a theory-informed basis for tailoring future implementation strategies to specific healthcare settings.

Geerligs, L., Rankin, N. M., Shepherd, H. L., & Butow, P. (2018). Hospital-based interventions: A systematic review of staff-reported barriers and facilitators to implementation processes. Implementation Science, 13, Article 36. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13012-018-0726-9 (Paper)

In this review by Geerligs and colleagues, staff-reported barriers and facilitators to implementing patient-focused hospital interventions are summarized, thus demonstrating how successful implementation depends on addressing interrelated system-, staff-, and intervention-level factors during intervention design and pre-implementation planning.

Seckler, E., Regauer, V., Rotter, T., Bauer, P., & Müller, M. (2020). Barriers to and facilitators of the implementation of multi-disciplinary care pathways in primary care: A systematic review. BMC Family Practice, 21, Article 113. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12875-020-01179-w (Paper)

This review by Seckler and colleagues identifies modifiable barriers and facilitators to implementing multidisciplinary care pathways in primary care, such as staffing, training, time, motivation, communication, and tailoring, thereby offering practical guidance for designing stronger implementation strategies for complex primary care interventions.

Abu-Odah, H., Said, N. B., Nair, S. C., Allsop, M. J., Currow, D. C., Salah, M. S., Abu Hamad, B., Elessi, K., Alkhatib, A., ElMokhallalati, Y., Bayuo, J., & AlKhaldi, M. (2022). Identifying barriers and facilitators of translating research evidence into clinical practice: A systematic review of reviews. Health & Social Care in the Community, 30, e3265–e3276. https://doi.org/10.1111/hsc.13898 (Paper)

Abu-Odah and colleagues synthesize cross-cutting barriers and facilitators to moving research into clinical practice, showing that inadequate individual knowledge and skills, limited access to evidence and resources, and weak organizational support impede translation.

Francis, C. J., Johnson, A., & Wilson, R. L. (2024). Supported decision-making interventions in mental healthcare: A systematic review of current evidence and implementation barriers. Health Expectations, 27(2), e14001. https://doi.org/10.1111/hex.14001 (Paper)

This review by Francis and colleagues synthesizes a large evidence base on supported decision-making in mental healthcare and identifies organizational, process, and relationship barriers that must be addressed to move these interventions into routine practice.

Huo, Y., Couzner, L., Windsor, T., Laver, K., Dissanayaka, N. N., & Cations, M. (2023). Barriers and enablers for the implementation of trauma-informed care in healthcare settings: A systematic review. Implementation Science Communications, 4, Article 49. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43058-023-00428-0 (Paper)

In this review, Huo and colleagues synthesize evidence across healthcare settings to identify the organizational, external, process, intervention, and individual factors that can hinder or support implementation of trauma-informed care, laying the groundwork for designing implementation strategies in this area.

Powell, B. J., Patel, S. V., Haley, A. D., Haines, E. R., Knocke, K. E., Chandler, S., Cary Katz, C., Pane Seifert, H., Ake, G., III, Amaya-Jackson, L., & Aarons, G. A. (2020). Determinants of implementing evidence-based trauma-focused interventions for children and youth: A systematic review. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 47(5), 705–719. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-019-01003-3 (Paper)

Powell and colleagues review the multilevel and multiphase barriers and facilitators to implementing trauma-focused evidence-based interventions for youth, organizing this evidence within the EPIS framework to guide future development of implementation strategies.

Varshini, R. J., Mathias, E. G., Bhavana, R. S., Patil, S. P., & Kamath, R. (2025). Barriers and facilitators of implementing cognitive behavioral therapy: A systematic review based on the Consolidated Framework for Implementation. Scientifica, 2025, Article 2693791. https://doi.org/10.1155/sci5/2693791 (Paper)

This review by Varshini and colleagues identifies organizational, clinician, and technology-related barriers and facilitators to implementing cognitive behavioral therapy and offers practical guidance for strengthening training, leadership support, stakeholder engagement, and digital delivery strategies to implementation and sustainment of this behavioral intervention.

Meza, R. D., Triplett, N. S., Woodard, G. S., Martin, P., Khairuzzaman, A. N., Jamora, G., & Dorsey, S. (2021). The relationship between first-level leadership and inner-context and implementation outcomes in behavioral health: A scoping review. Implementation Science, 16, Article 69. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13012-021-01104-4 (Paper)

Meza and colleagues focus specifically on evidence regarding how first-level leadership relates to implementation outcomes in behavioral health, highlighting how frontline leadership—especially transformational and strategic implementation leadership—can effectively support implementation.

A key resource for identifying measures of implementation determinants across a range of TMFs is the ASSESS section of the D&I Models Webtool. There are a wide array of instruments in their repository, including both implementation outcomes and implementation determinants (see “Explore D&I Assessment Instruments). Watch a webinar providing training on this section of the D&I Models Webtool. 

Lewis, C. C., Mettert, K., & Lyon, A. R. (2022). Determining the influence of intervention characteristics on implementation success requires reliable and valid measures: Results from a systematic review. Implementation Research and Practice, 3, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1177/2633489521994197 (Paper)

In this review by Lewis and colleagues, they describe how intervention characteristics influence implementation outcomes, making it critical that researcher use reliable and valid measures, while also identifying substantial measurement gaps that are needed to advance the field.

Stanick, C., Halko, H., Mettert, K., Dorsey, C., Moullin, J., Weiner, B., Powell, B., & Lewis, C. C. (2021). Measuring characteristics of individuals: An updated systematic review of instruments’ psychometric properties. Implementation Research and Practice, 2. https://doi.org/10.1177/26334895211000458 (Paper)

This review by Stanick and colleagues provides a systematic evaluation of measures assessing individual‑level characteristics relevant to implementation, highlighting the psychometric strengths, weaknesses, and gaps in existing instruments to guide more rigorous and pragmatic measurement in implementation research.

Powell, B. J., Mettert, K. D., Lewis, C. C., Weiner, B. J., Stanick, C. F., Beidas, R. S., Lyon, A. R., Proctor, E. K., & Mandell, D. S. (2022). Measures of organizational culture, organizational climate, and implementation climate in behavioral health: A systematic review. Implementation Research & Practice, 3, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1177/26334895221081629 (Paper)

Although focused on behavioral health settings, this review by Powell and colleagues has broader applicability in that it provides a systematic review of measures of organizational culture, organizational climate, and implementation climate, critically evaluates their psychometric quality, and offers clear guidance to improve measurement rigor in implementation research.

Weiner, B. J., Mettert, K. D., Dorsey, C. N., Nolen, E. A., Stanick, C., Powell, B. J., & Lewis, C. C. (2020). Measuring readiness for implementation: A systematic review of measures’ psychometric and pragmatic properties. Implementation Research and Practice, 1. https://doi.org/10.1177/2633489520933896 (Paper)

This review by Weiner and colleagues is also relevant for measuring three inner contextual factors: leadership engagement, available resources, and access to knowledge and information.

McHugh, S. M., Damschroder, L. J., Coates, K., Kavanagh, R., Murphy, K., Egan, M., Devaney, C., O’Neill, C., Turner, K., & Smalle, M. (2015). Measures of outer setting constructs for implementation research: A systematic review and analysis of psychometric quality. Implementation Science, 10, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13012-015-0209-1 (Paper)

This review by McHugh and colleagues systematically evaluates the availability and psychometric quality of measures for outer setting constructs, highlighting critical gaps and guiding implementation researchers toward more rigorous, reliable measurement of contextual factors that influence implementation outcomes.

Chaudoir, S. R., Dugan, A. G., & Barr, C. H. I. (2013). Measuring factors affecting implementation of health innovations: A systematic review of structural, organizational, provider, patient, and innovation level measures. Implementation Science, 8, Article 22. https://doi.org/10.1186/1748-5908-8-22 (Paper)

Although this article by Chaudoir and colleagues is somewhat older, it systematically catalogues multi-level measures of implementation determinants, which can assist researchers in selecting valid, reliable measures for implementation studies.